Evaluating CRP and Oxygen Requirements as Predictors of Poor Outcomes in COVID-19 Patients with Bacterial Pneumonia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36497/jri.v46i2.1198Keywords:
COVID-19, bacterial co-infection, CRP, outcome statusAbstract
Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has presented significant challenges in managing patients with bacterial pneumonia co-infections, particularly in elderly populations. These co-infections, commonly caused by pathogens such as Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus, are associated with increased mortality and adverse outcomes. Limited data are available on bacterial co-infections and their impact on patient recovery, particularly in Indonesia. This study investigates the association between age, oxygen supplementation, oxygen saturation, and clinical markers, including procalcitonin and CRP levels, with outcomes in COVID-19 patients with bacterial pneumonia co-infections.
Methodology: This cross-sectional predictive study utilized secondary data from medical records of COVID-19 patients with bacterial pneumonia co-infection at Regional General Hospital of West Nusa Tenggara Province (RSUDP-NTB) and Universitas Mataram Hospital. Consecutive sampling was used to include patients with confirmed COVID-19 and bacterial pneumonia. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to assess the association between age, oxygen supplementation, procalcitonin levels, CRP levels, and recovery outcomes.
Results: The study analyzed data from 77 COVID-19 patients with bacterial pneumonia co-infection. Significant predictors of poor outcomes were identified, including elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) levels (>75 mg/L) and high oxygen supplementation (>6 lpm). Patients with elevated CRP had a sixfold higher risk of death, and higher oxygen requirements were strongly associated with increased mortality. Lower oxygen saturation was also linked to worse outcomes. Findings highlight CRP levels and oxygen needs as critical factors in predicting mortality. Elevated CRP and higher oxygen supplementation were significantly associated with death, providing insights into the management of co-infected COVID-19 patients.
Conclusions: CRP levels and oxygen requirements are key predictors of poor outcomes in COVID-19 patients with bacterial pneumonia.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Moulid Hidayat, Rina Lestari, Indana Eva Ajmala, Prima Belia Fathana, Hana Khairina Putri Faisal, Fariz Nurwidya, Gabrielle Adani
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
- The authors own the copyright of published articles. Nevertheless, Jurnal Respirologi Indonesia has the first-to-publish license for the publication material.
- Jurnal Respirologi Indonesia has the right to archive, change the format and republish published articles by presenting the authors’ names.
- Articles are published electronically for open access and online for educational, research, and archiving purposes. Jurnal Respirologi Indonesia is not responsible for any copyright issues that might emerge from using any article except for the previous three purposes.
