Coal Workers' Pneumoconiosis at PT. A Sawahlunto and The Influencing Factors
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36497/jri.v41i1.157Keywords:
Pneumoconiosis, Coal Mining, Related FactorsAbstract
Background: Coal workers’s pneumoconiosis (black lung disease) is an interstitial lung disease caused by chronic inhalation of coal dust. The incidence of coal workers’s pneumoconiosis increased globally from the 1990s to the 2000s by 3.2%. Indonesia is the country which has many coal mining, but national prevalence of coal workers pneumoconiosis was not discovered. PT. A is one of mining companies in Sawahlunto. The aims of this study was to determine the incidence of coal workers’ pneumoconiosis at PT. A Sawahlunto and it’s influencing factors. Methods: This study is an analytic study with cross sectional design, conducted from November 2019 to April 2020. There were 90 coal miners participated in this study. All subjects were performed chest X-ray examination with ILO standard to asses the incidence of pneumoconiosis. Spirometr examination, dust level measurement with portable low volume air sampler, interview, and validated questionnare were performed to evaluate it’s influencing factors. Statistical analysis used Chi-square test and double logistic regression test. Results: This study found 12 workers (13.3%) had pneumoconiosis. From the statistical test results obtained age >50 years (P=0.035), duration of exposure (P=0.040), mask usage (P=0.029), restrictive lung function (P=0.004), and the mixed abnormality lung function (P=0.006) is associated with pneumoconiosis. The most dominant factor was mask usage (P=0.049) with OR=5.026 Conclusion: The most dominant factor that influence coal workers’ pneumoconiosis was mask usage. Others related factors were age, duration of exposure and abnormality lung function.Downloads
References
Government of Alberta. Coal Dust at The Work Site. Workplace Health and Safety Bulletin 2010. Canada: Government of Alberta Employment and Immigration; 2010 April. Report No: CH063-Chemical Hazard.
Laney AS, Weissman DN. Respiratory disease in coal miner. J Occup Environ Med. 2014;56(105):18-22.
GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators. Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet. 2015; 385: 117-71.
Sunsanto AD. Pneumokoniosis. J Indo Med Assoc. 2011;61(12):503-6.
Bangun U, Widjaya M. Analisis epidemiologis pneumokoniosis berdasarkan X-Ray paru klasifikasi standar International labour organization (ILO) pada pekerja tambang batu PT. A di Bandung Jawa Barat [tesis]. Jakarta: Universitas Indonesia; 1998.
Kasmara M. Penyakit peru dan gangguan faal paru pada tenaga kerja di pabrik semen [tesis]. Jakarta: Universitas Indonesia; 1998.
Sirait M. Hubungan Karakteristik Pekerja dengan Faal Paru di Kilang Kecamatan Porsea tahun 2010 [skripsi]. Medan: Universitas Sumatera Utara; 2010.
Mo J, Wang L, Au W, Su M. Prevalence of coal workers’ pneumoconiosis in China: a systematic analysis of 2001-2011 studies. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2014; 217: 46-51.
Kementrian Tenaga Kerja dan Transmigrasi RI. Peraturan Mentri Tenaga Kerja dan Transmigrasi no 13 tahun 2011 tentang Nilai Ambang Batas Faktor Fisika dan Faktor Kimia di Tempat Kerja. Jakarta: 2011.
Rinawati P. Coal worker’s pneumoconiosis. J Majority. 2015. 4 (1); 49-56.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Coal workers’ pneumoconiosis-related years of potential life lost before age 65 years -United States [serial online]. 2019 [cited 2019 Apr 14]. Available from https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5850a4.htm.
Kuempel ED, Wheeler MW, Smith RJ, et al. Contributions of dust exposure and cigarette smoking to emphysema severity in coal miners in the United States. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2009; 180: 257–64.
Pemerintah Kota Sawahlunto. In: Rencana Pengembangan kota lama dalam menggugah sejarah bangsa. Seminar Program Keberhasilan Pelestarian Kota Sawahlunto; 2007.
International Labour Organization (ILO). Guidelines for the use of the ILO International Classification of Radiographs of Pneumoconiosis Revised edition 2011. Geneva: ILO; 2011.
PT. Allied Indo Coal Jaya. Standard Operating Procedure. Sawahlunto: PT. Allied Indo Coal Jaya. Sawahlunto; 2018.
Han L, Han R, Ji X, Wang T. Prevalence characteristic of coal workers’ pneumoconiosis (CWP) in state-owned mine in eastern China. International Journal of Enviromental Research and Public Health. 2015. 12(7); 7856-67.
Qian QZ, Cao XK, Shen FH, Wang Q. Correlations of smoking with cumulative total dust exposure and cumulative abnormal rate of pulmonary function in coal-mine workers. Exp Ther Med. 2016;12:2942-8.
Satiti Sonyaruri. Peningkatan sumber daya manusia melalui pendidikan untuk menyongsong bonus demografi. Jurnal Kependudukan Indonesia. 2019. 14 (1): 77-92.
Srimulyati T, Karmin S, Mulyadi. Analisis sosial ekonomi masyarakat pasca penutupan tambang batu bara PT. Bukit Asam unit penambangan ombilin (PT. BA-UPO) di Kota Sawahlunto. Jurnal Teknologi Mineral dan Batubara. 2010. 2(8): 84-91.
Mengkidi D. Gangguan fungsi paru dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhinya pada karyawan PT. Semen Tonasa Pangkep Sulawesi Selatan [tesis]. Semarang: Universitas Dipenogoro; 2006.
Aunillah K, Ardam Y. Hubungan paparan debu dan lama paparan dengan gangguan faal paru pekerja overhaul power plant di pertambangan batu bara [tesis]. Surabaya: Universitas Airlangga; 2015. p155-65.
Frans PJ. Perbaikan Gizi Kerja dalam Upaya Peningkatan Produktifitas Perusahaan. Jakarta: Hiperkes dan Keselamatan Kerja; 1989. p25-8.
Simanjuntak ML, Pinontoan OR, Pangemanan JM. Hubungan antara kadar debu, msa kerja, penggunaan masker dan merokok dengan kejadian pneumokoniosis pada pekerja di PT. Tonasa Line Kota Bitung. JIKMU. 2015.5(2b): 520-32.
Han L, Li Y, Yan W et al. Quality of life and influencing factors of coal miners in Xunzhou, China. Journal of thoracic Disease. 2018; 10 (2): 835-44.
Cahyana A. Djajakusli R. Rahim MR. Faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejadian gangguan fungsi paru pada kejerja tambang batubara PT. Indominco Mandiri tahun 2012. N Med Sci J. 2012: 1-18.
Cowie RL, Murray JF, Becklake MR. Pneumoconiosis. In: Mason RJ, Broaddus VC, Murray JF, Nadel JA, editors. Textbook of Respiratory Medicine. 6th Ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2016: 1307-30.
Susanto AD, Isbaniah F, Agustina P. Pneumokoniosis Batu bara. Bunga rampai penyakit paru kerja dan lingkungan. Seri 1. Fakutas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia. 2009: 15-25.
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Coal Mine Dust Exposures and Associated Health Outcomes: A Review of Information Published Since 1995. Washington, DC: DHHS (NIOSH); 2011.
Yong M, Anderle L, Lenaerts H et al. The risk of developing coal workers’ pneumoconiosis in a German inception Cohort of coal miners of ruhr Area – results after 30 years of follow-up. Annals of lung cancer.2018,2(1): 9-47.
Wang LM, BeeckmanAL, Wolfe LA et.al. Lung-Function Impairment Among US Underground Coal Miners, 2005 to 2009. J Occup Environ Med. 2013;55(7):846-50.
Janssens JP, Pache JC, Nicod LP. Physiological changes in respiratory function associated with ageing. Eur Respir J 1999; 13: 197-205.
Yessi. Kejadian silikosis dan keluhan respirasi pada pekerja pabrik kapur di Bukit Tui Padang Panjang [tesis]. Padang: Universitas Andalas; 2015.
Petsonk E. Rose C. Cohen R. Coal mine dust lung disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013. 187 (11): 1178-85.
Unalack M, Altin R, Kart L, Tor M, Ornek T, Altunel H. Smoking prevalence, behavior, and nicotine addiction among coal workers in Zongudak, Turkey. J Occup Health. 2004. 46: 289-95.
Shen F, Yuan J, Sun Z et.al. Risk Identification and prediction of coal workers’ pneumoconiosis in Kailuan colliery group in China: a historical cohort study.PLOS ONE. 2013.8 (12): 1-8.
World Health Organization (WHO). Screening and surveillance of workers exposed to mineral dust. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1996.
Yulandari WD. Implementasi kebijakan keselamatan dan kesehatan kerja terhadap keselamatan pertambangan di PT Bukit Asam TBK Tanjung Enim [skripsi]. Palembang: Univeritas Sriwijaya; 2019.
Jin Y, Wang H, Zhang J, et al. Prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection among coal workers’ pneumoconiosis patients in China: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2018;18(1):1-9.
Occupational Safety and Health Administrastion. Respiratory Protection. Washington (DC): United States Department of Labor; 2002. Report No: 1910.134
Khumaidah. Analisis Faktor-faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Gangguan Fungsi Paru pada Pekerja Mebel PT. Kota Jati Furnindo Desa Suwawal Kecamatan Mlonggo Kabupaten Jepara [tesis]. Semarang: Universitas Dipenogoro; 2009.
Cohen RA. Is the increasing prevalence and severity of coal workers’ pneumoconiosis in the United States due to increasing silica exposure? Occup Environ Med 2010: 649–50.
Additional Files
Published
Issue
Section
License
- The authors own the copyright of published articles. Nevertheless, Jurnal Respirologi Indonesia has the first-to-publish license for the publication material.
- Jurnal Respirologi Indonesia has the right to archive, change the format and republish published articles by presenting the authors’ names.
- Articles are published electronically for open access and online for educational, research, and archiving purposes. Jurnal Respirologi Indonesia is not responsible for any copyright issues that might emerge from using any article except for the previous three purposes.
