Long COVID: Diagnosis and Treatment of Respiratory Syndrome in Post COVID-19 Conditions
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has given rise to another medical burden that came from the symptoms experienced by patients after acute infection with SARS-CoV-2, a condition often called as Long COVID. As the number of COVID-19 cases remain rising, various studies and scientific researches are being conducted to understand more about Long COVID, and findings have consistently shown increased burden due to Long COVID that needs more attention from the clinical world. This article review collects various sources regarding the diagnosis and management of respiratory syndrome in post-COVID-19 conditions. Long COVID, currently referred to as a post-COVID-19 condition, consists of symptom(s) that occurs in individuals with a history of probable or confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, with symptoms lasting at least two months and cannot be explained by any alternative diagnosis. Symptoms that occur are very diverse from various organ systems, including the respiratory system. Knowledge regarding the possible symptoms as well as a thorough evaluation is needed to identify and diagnose post-COVID-19 conditions, and multidisciplinary management through a tiered system may help reach more cases of post-COVID-19 conditions. The treatment for post-COVID-19 conditions needs to be adjusted to the patient's condition, and the administration of pharmacological therapy such as steroids, bronchodilators, and mucolytics/antioxidants has to be based on clinical symptoms and radiological abnormalities.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Raveendran AV, Jayadevan R, Sashidharan S. Long COVID: An overview. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2021; 15(3): 869-75.
Sisó-Almirall A, Brito-Zerón P, Ferrín LC, Kostov B, Moreno AM, Mestres J, et al. Long COVID-19: Proposed primary care clinical guidelines for diagnosis and disease management. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(8):4350.
World Health Organization, EPI-Win, Infodemic. Update on Clinical Long-term effects of COVID-19 [Internet]. WHO EPI-Win Update. Available from: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/risk-comms-updates/update54_clinical_long_term_effects.pdf?sfvrsn=3e63eee5_8
Nalbandian A, Sehgal K, Gupta A, Madhavan MV, McGroder C, Stevens JS, et al. Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. Nat Med [Internet]. 2021;27(4):601–15. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01283-z
World Health Organization. A clinical case definition of post COVID-19 condition by a Delphi consensus. WHO [Internet]. 2020;(October). Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-2019-nCoV-Post_COVID-19_condition-Clinical_case_definition-2021.1
Isbaniah F, Susanto A, Burhan E. Buku Panduan Praktik Klinis (PPK) COVID-19. Jakarta: Perhimpunan Dokter Paru Indonesia; Nov 2021.
Sakay YN. Omicron and Long COVID: What We Know So Far [Internet]. HealthLine. 2022 [cited 2022 Feb 4]. Available from: https://www.healthline.com/health-news/omicron-and-long-covid-what-we-know-so-far#Estimating-long-COVID-incidence-for-Omicron
NICE. COVID-19 Rapid Guideline: Managing the Long-Term Effects of COVID-19 [Internet]. NICE Guidance. 2021. Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng188
Greenhalgh T, Knight M, A’Court C, Buxton M, Husain L. Management of post-acute covid-19 in primary care. Br. Med. J. 2020;370.
Parkin A, Davison J, Tarrant R, Ross D, Halpin S, Simms A, et al. A multidisciplinary NHS COVID-19 service to manage post-COVID-19 syndrome in the community. J Prim Care Community Heal. 2021;12.
Crook H, Raza S, Nowell J, Young M, Edison P. Long covid - Mechanisms, risk factors, and management. Br. Med. J. 2021;374:1–18.
Myall KJ, Mukherjee B, Castanheira AM, Lam JL, Benedetti G, Mak SM, et al. Persistent post–COVID-19 interstitial lung disease: An observational study of corticosteroid treatment. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2021;18(5):799–806.
Maniscalco M, Ambrosino P, Fuschillo S, Stufano S, Sanduzzi A, Matera MG, et al. Bronchodilator reversibility testing in post-COVID-19 patients undergoing pulmonary rehabilitation. Respir Med. 2021;182.
Rogliani P, Matera MG, Page C, Puxeddu E, Cazzola M, Calzetta L. Efficacy and safety profile of mucolytic/antioxidant agents in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A comparative analysis across erdosteine, carbocysteine, and N-acetylcysteine. Respir Res. 2019;20(1):104.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.36497/jri.v40i3.279
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2022 Erlina Burhan
INDEXING & PARTNER
Jurnal Respirologi Indonesia pISSN: 0853-7704 - eISSN: 2620-3162 Address: Jalan Cipinang Bunder No. 19, Cipinang, Pulogadung, Jakarta Timur, DKI Jakarta 13240, Indonesia Phone: +62-21-2247-4845 Email: editor@jurnalrespirologi.org | An official publication by the Indonesian Society of Respirology (ISR) |
Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License Statcounter |